Reward Processing in Substance Use Disorders

Substance use disorders (SUDs) fundamentally alter the brain's reward system, which is primarily governed by dopamine. Drugs hijack this system, providing exaggerated rewards that surpass natural stimuli, such as food or social interaction. Over time, this leads to diminished sensitivity, making ordinary pleasures less rewarding. The imbalance in reward processing perpetuates compulsive drug-seeking behaviors. Neuroimaging studies reveal significant changes in brain regions like the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex, which regulate motivation and decision-making. Treatment approaches aim to recalibrate the reward system through behavioral therapies and medications, promoting the restoration of normal functioning.